Chapter 13 bankruptcy applies
to individuals or business sole proprietors and allows the individual to
pay off debts from future income over a set period of time.
Filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy applies only to individuals or sole
proprietors of a business. Chapter 13 cases allow the individual to pay
off debts from the individual’s future income over a set period of time.
The goal of filing for Chapter 13 is to develop an installment plan for
the individual to pay off the occurred debt in part or full over 3-5
years without further penalty or interest. The individual must have a
regular income to be eligible for Chapter 13. Since 2005, the amount of
debt that can be discharged has been significantly reduced. Below is the
current outline for debt that must be paid in full and may be eligible
for discharge.
Three Year Rule – Taxes owed three years priors to
filing a Chapter 13 petition must be paid in full. For example, if you
had filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in January 2013, you would be
responsible for full payments of federal and state income taxes owed for
2009, 2010, and 2011 and reported on returns due in April of 2010,
2011, and 2012. Income taxes that are owed for a year that is more than
three years prior to filing a petition are usually dischargeable.
Priority Payments – Priority payments include income
taxes assessed within 240 days before filing the petition for Chapter
13; property taxes that were due without penalty, within one year before
the petition was filed; and select employment taxes on wages reported
on a return within three years prior to the petition. Each of these must
be fully paid.
Interest and Tax Liens – Interest that is due on tax
debts prior to the petition is also considered a priority payment. If
interest on a tax debt is oversecured, meaning that the value of the
collateral exceeds the amount of taxes to be paid, the debtor is
responsible for the interest due to the IRS. The interest is secured if a
notice of a federal tax lien has been filed prior to the petition.
What is a tax lien? According to the IRS website:
A federal tax lien is the government’s legal claim against your
property when you neglect or fail to pay a tax debt. The lien protects
the government’s interest in all your property, including real estate,
personal property and financial assets. A federal tax lien exists after
the IRS:
- Assesses your liability;
- Sends you a bill that explains how much you owe (Notice and Demand for Payment); and
- You neglect or refuse to fully pay the debt in time.
For example, if the collateral at the time of filing for Chapter 13
is worth $5,000 but at the time at which the lien was filed was worth
$3,000, your debt is overesecured and you are responsible for the
interest. Your debt is undersecured if the collateral is worth less than
the lien at the time of filling. If the collateral is only worth $2,000
when you file for Chapter 13, but the tax lien worth was $3,000, then
the collateral debt interest will be considered undersecured, which is
typically eligible to be discharged.
The Interest Exception – Prepetition interest can
include oversecured and undersecured debt. Courts do not usually make
the IRS designate between the two, meaning that they can use the
collateral against undersecured debt, maximizing the amount of priority
payments that the individual owes.
Further Payment Requirements – Individuals are also
responsible for trust fund taxes and obligations, tax returns that were
not filed within the three period, fraudulent tax returns within the
three year period and tax penalties related to compensation for
financial loss.
Unique Discharges to Chapter 13 – Priority taxes
paid with a credit card may be eligible for discharge, with proof that
the individual originally intended to fully pay off the credit card
prior to filing the bankruptcy petition. Also, an individual may be able
to utilize estate assets such as net operating losses to offset debt.
Hardship Discharge – This discharge applies to
individuals who are unable to meet the requirements of the repayment
plan set up by the court due to circumstances that are out of his or her
control, such as illness. Typically this discharge will extend the
amount of time an individual has to pay their debt by two years,
lengthening the overall time from three to five years.
However, individuals should carefully analyze their situation before
applying for the hardship discharge. Under a normal Chapter 13 petition,
individuals are responsible for taxes owed on delinquent or late
returns that are filed within two years of the Chapter 13 petition, but
these taxes are not given a priority status. A hardship discharge will
not eliminate delinquent return taxes, requiring them to be paid,
whereas a normal Chapter 13 petition may allow for these taxes to be
discharged as a non-priority payment.
When dealing with a bankruptcy, please contact an attorney who focuses on bankruptcy for assistance.
About the Author
Beth Overbey joined the firm in 1998 while studying Accounting at Bellarmine University. She met Bill Lindemeyer at an Accounting Alumni Luncheon where she was awarded an Accounting Scholarship from Lindemeyer CPA. Beth graduated from Bellarmine University in 2000 with a Bachelor of Arts in Accounting and passed the CPA Exam in 2002. She also went on to finish her Masters in Accountancy from the University of Louisville in 2003. As a partner of Lindemeyer CPA, LLC, she enjoys working with small business clients regarding all their accounting and tax needs. Helping the business grow and be successful is the most gratifying part of her job.
Beth also enjoys the financial planning prospective of the business. She currently has CRC License (Certified Retirement Counselor) which allows her to work closely with her clients for all retirement planning needs.
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